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2 . Download The Nationalist movement in Indo China notes here

3 . Download Nationalism in India notes here  

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Corruption and some ways to resolve it

Corruption and its remedies

Corruption:

Corruption simply means bribery, but understanding corruption is a lot more than that. Corruption means disorder in morality [bad habits/character], monetary [bribery/fraught/laundering], mental [negative attitude], physical [unwanted provocations] etc.

Corruptions of any kind are nuisances to the society. Corruption is the root causes of all the evils in the society. It hampers progress. It brings unhappiness. It produces terrorists. It brings war.

The root cause of corruption is common man. Corruption is neither caused by rich people nor by politicians. Corruption is not started by government employees. Corruption is created by common man. Corruption is fed by common man. Corruption is of/by/for common man. Common man is using government employees for maintaining corruption.

Example:

One day common man went to a theatre to watch a movie. There was a queue of 10 people. He just scanned the queue and found the 7th person as a known person. He went to the 7th person, said “Hi” and stood behind him. Corruption started there. Others had not objected him. With this, he saved time taken for 3 people to take tickets. But 3 people got delayed.

Next day the common man went to a government office. He gave his file and asked how long it will take. The officer said that there were 3 files before his file, by afternoon his work would be completed. He thought for a while and said, “I have to come all the way again. Please take 100 rupees and complete my work first”. The officer thought for few seconds, “My work is not increasing or decreasing. I am getting extra money for doing my work, why to lose it? After all who knows in which order I have done my work?” and agreed. The officer took 100 rupees and completed common man’s work.

From then onwards, every time common man goes to government office for work, gives 100 rupees and gets the work done immediately. The officer got used to it and when somebody comes with urgency and requests him to complete work immediately, he started demanding 100 rupees. As people understood that by paying 100 rupees their work gets completed immediately, many people started paying. The files of those few people who are not willing to pay are pending forever.

Another day common man went to the office, gave 100 rupees along with file. The officer asked him to come after 4 hours. Common man was shocked and asked, “I am paying money to get the work done immediately. Why should I wait for 4 hours?” Then the officer said, “The other people also paid 100 each. Why should I do your work first?” Common man thought for some time and gave 200 rupees to get his work done immediately. The officer took the money and completed his work.

All those who could pay money got their work done. Those who never paid bribe were still waiting for their files to move. One person went to the officer after a long wait and checks for the status of his file. The officer strongly says, “I am busy with my work. Pay money if you want your file to move faster”. The person understood that his work can never be done without paying money. He paid money and got his work done.

The officer understood how to gain more money. He just kept most of the files untouched for a long time. He got hundreds of files piled up on his desk. Now he shows these files to new customers and tells them that if they go in queue it will take very long time and if they pay bribe their work gets done faster. The choice is given to the customers. If customers want their work to be done, they have only one choice, “Paying bribe”.

Now there are millions of corrupt officers. Common man is asked for money for every work and everywhere he goes. The bribe he started with 100 rupees has grown to thousands of rupees for simple tasks. Half of his earning is going for paying bribes. Now he is ready to wait for his turn. But officers are clearly saying that his work cannot be done without money.

When his hard-earned money is going out of his hand for unnecessary reasons, common man is helpless and has started complaining. But there is no one to listen to him. Corruption is happening at all levels of all offices. Some people started taking bribe because they need to pay bribe at all walks of their life. They started taking bribe at their work place to compensate what they pay at other places. Some officers take bribe because of pressure from both seniors and juniors. If they don’t take bribes, they will be treated as untouchable.

The most affected is the poor common man. One day if all common men decide not to pay bribe, corruption ends. But that is not possible in this millennium.

To eradicate corruption we require individuals who are incorruptible and, undoubtedly, what produces such individuals is spirituality. There is a saying that violence begins in the mind.

This is true also of corruption: corruption begins in the mind. If we can alter our thinking, we can safely say that we shall have eradicated corruption by at least 50 per cent. What changes the heart and mind for the better is spirituality. When an airplane takes off, it leaves behind everything and reaches a higher plane, at which point it is capable of flying towards its destination without any hurdles. Similarly, a spiritual seeker is able to fly to a higher plane where he is free of negative influences.

As Friedrich Nietzsche said “The surest way to corrupt a youth is to instruct him to hold in higher esteem those who think alike than those who think differently”

This means that the "surest way to corrupt" the minds of children is to teach them intolerance; i.e., to teach them to be closed-minded and only agree with or listen to those opinions that coincide with their own. It is better to teach them to be more open-minded and to accept that just because someone has a different opinion; it does not mean that they are necessarily wrong.

So, you need to be strong in your opinion and fight against all evil things like corruption.

To do this, let us discuss the Problems & Solutions as follows:

Problem 1: Lack of spirituality among people.
Solution: Develop and help to develop spiritual qualities like love, purity, cleanliness, duty, sincerity, empathy, non-injury, equity, unity, philanthropy, justice, happiness etc. among people Let spirituality / morality be taught in academic institutions as a compulsory subject of study at every stage.

Let all the leaders in the society develop and practice spirituality at the first place while exercising leadership, so that general people follow their steps. Where there is spirituality [light], there will be no corruption [darkness].

Problem 2: Misguidance of followers by Religious Leaders.
Solution: All the religious leaders via Hindu Gurus, Muslim Leaders, Christian Fathers, Buddhist Monks etc should preach spirituality / morality as the universal religious teachings not fanatic / bigoted / malicious /dogmatic / ritualistic / narrow minded teachings that stands against unity in diversity. Spirituality should be the common teaching to the people by the religious leaders.

Problem 3: Corrupted elections.
Solution: Corruption during the elections i.e. distribution of money, intoxications, drugs, throwing parties/feasts etc to the voters by the candidates or demanding them by the voters to the candidates should be stopped. This excess of expenses during elections are the root causes of corruption by the elected public leaders when they become Ministers, MPs or MLAs etc.

General public also cannot stop them from corruption as they got corrupted money & treats during election. So, there should be strict rules to punish both the candidates and the voters who give or demand money etc. Only when elections are held corrupt free, then we can expect corrupt free government functioning.

Problem 4: Corrupted Government Department Heads.
Solution: The heads of all the government departments should be the examples of dutiful & corrupt free people of integrity. They should see how his/her department is functioning in the interest/welfare of the people. Result oriented, innovative plans/projects should be implemented sincerely & effectively. Any careless & undutiful staff should be subjected to immediate disciplinary action.

Proper utilization of funds is a must. Department heads should not play blame game to Ministers etc, rather they themselves should be responsible for their respective department functioning.

Problem 5: Undutiful academic/training Institute Heads.
Solution: The heads of educational & other training institutes via VCs, Principals, Head Masters, Head Mistresses, CEOs, and Directors etc should be people of integrity and set examples of dutifulness. Then, they should see that all the teaching & non-teaching staff is discharging their duties properly.

The teachers should be dutiful and teach the students not just for salary but to produce good students. Education is not business [unfortunately now the reverse is true!]. Education is for making of good human beings not money making alone.

Problem 6: Narrow minded Organization Heads.
Solution: Presidents, Secretaries & other Heads of the Social Welfare Organizations, Non Governmental Organizations, Revolutionary Groups should be the people of ideal characters, corrupt free, dutiful people of integrity with broad outlook for common good above their narrow group interests.

All demands and protests should be done in such a way that their interests are served while the public interests are not affected. They can take huge roles in enhancing spirituality / morality in the society as role models.

Problem 7: Corrupted Ministers, MPs, MLAs, Governors, Secretaries, IAS officers.
Solution: Ministers, MPs, MLAs should always keep people's welfare above all in all their undertakings. All their dealings should be based on justice. Quality work/control must be ensured. They should not exercise their power for selfish ends. They should be paid good salaries & other facilities to ensure them live decently and discharge public duties smoothly without any fear or pressure.

Ministers, MPs, MLAs are the most important people to stop corruption. Direct government functionaries like Governors, Secretaries, IAS officers should be models of dutiful, corrupt free people of integrity. They should stand for justice and public good.

Problem 8: Corruption in Health Care.
Solution: It is very dangerous because human life is at stake. Unqualified/substandard doctors/surgeons may cost human life due to wrong prescriptions or wrong operations. Drugs from substandard manufacturers can damage people's health severely or even death. Undutiful doctors again cost human life. So, it is in the public interest that all kinds of corruptions be stopped in Health Care.

Problem 9: Corruption in Public Works.
Solution: Substandard office buildings, hospitals, complexes, roads, bridges, canals, walls, drainages … are all the clearly reflected images of corruption in this sector. Department heads, Contractors, Engineers, and Suppliers have drained out public money in their pockets with the dismal work outputs. It is really a pitiful situation indeed. This corruption in public works should be stopped immediately with the exemplary punishment of those who are guilty of misuse of the public funds.

Problem 10: Corruption in Police, Army, Navy & Air force.
Solution: Problem with the police force is the misuse of force on common people while overlooking injustice of the high commands. Police is meant for social security, for punishing the guilty & protecting the innocent people. Corruption of police at all levels has to stop immediately.

Army is meant for defending the country against foreign invasions not for harassing the innocent citizens. Navy & Air force personals are not supposed to live in luxury in the name of water & air defense. All the three defense wings should do social work while there is no war else it is a waste of public money to maintain them. Corruption in gun deal or boats/ships/aircraft carrier or fighter jets etc. are to be stopped at all levels.

Problem 11: Corrupted Youths.
Solution: Today's misguided youths are dazzled by money & material power. They are materially overfed and spiritually starved. They are getting lost in material whirlpool while neglecting spiritual qualities. This trend of youth’s results in looking for fast & easy money to fulfill their immediate material desires while forgetting efforts to earn/deserve them.

Then come to the delinquent crimes graduating to armed gangs. Rest of the youth are doing blind imitation of Hollywood & Bollywood, drug culture of the spoiled children of the west, uncontrolled sex, indiscriminate eating & drinking habits, free use of fire-arms, loss of interest in studies, general lack of discipline etc eating up their moral fabrics. Today's youths are the worst products of the morally degraded modern society.

Instead of revolting against corruption they themselves are involved in the corruption. Now is the time for the youths to wake up and analyze things, take up good things & discard the bad, not to follow people blindly but use their intelligence to do what is best for them and revolt against corruption of all kinds.

Last but not the least, you need to spread awareness to people and make sure that they don’t involve in any means of corruption

Let's be the soldiers of fortune in the war against corruption. Let justice rule the world. I have started spreading this awareness to people through my blogger and social networks. Now it’s your turn to spread them…

My blogger: ebooksandco.blogspot.com

By – Nithin .R , Kendriya Vidyalaya No 2 Kalpakkam…..

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Water conservation

Water conservation encompasses the policies, strategies and activities to manage fresh water as a sustainable resource to protect the water environment and to meet current and future human demand. Population, household size and growth and affluence all affect how much water is used. Factors such as climate change will increase pressures on natural water resources especially in manufacturing and agricultural irrigation.

Water conservation programs are typically initiated at the local level, by either municipal water utilities or regional governments. Common strategies include public outreach campaigns,^[4] tiered water rates (charging progressively higher prices as water use increases), or restrictions on outdoor water use such as lawn watering and car washing.^[5] Cities in dry climates often require or encourage the installation of xeriscaping or natural landscaping in new homes to reduce outdoor water usage.^[6]

One fundamental conservation goal is universal metering. The prevalence of residential water metering varies significantly worldwide. Recent studies have estimated that water supplies are metered in less than 30% of UK households,^[7] and about 61% of urban Canadian homes (as of 2001).^[8] Although individual water meters have often been considered impractical in homes with private wells or in multifamily buildings, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimates that metering alone can reduce consumption by 20 to 40 percent.^[9] In addition to raising consumer awareness of their water use, metering is also an important way to identify and localize water leakage. Water metering would benefit society in the long run it is proven that water metering increases the efficiency of the entire water system, as well as help unnecessary expenses for individuals for years to come. One would be unable to waste water unless they are willing to pay the extra charges, this way the water department would be able to monitor water usage by public, domestic and manufacturing services.

Some researchers have suggested that water conservation efforts should be primarily directed at farmers, in light of the fact that crop irrigation accounts for 70% of the world's fresh water use.^[10] The agricultural sector of most countries is important both economically and politically, and water subsidies are common. Conservation advocates have urged removal of all subsidies to force farmers to grow more water-efficient crops and adopt less wasteful irrigation techniques.

New technology poses a few new options for consumers, features such and full flush and half flush when using a toilet are trying to make a difference in water consumption and waste. Also available in our modern world is shower heads that help reduce wasting water, old shower heads are said to use 5-10 gallons per minute. All new fixtures available are said to use 2.5 gallons per minute and offer equal water coverage.

Water conservation programs are typically initiated at the local level, by either municipal water utilities or regional governments. Common strategies include public outreach campaigns,^[4] tiered water rates (charging progressively higher prices as water use increases), or restrictions on outdoor water use such as lawn watering and car washing.^[5] Cities in dry climates often require or encourage the installation of xeriscaping or natural landscaping in new homes to reduce outdoor water usage.^[6]

One fundamental conservation goal is universal metering. The prevalence of residential water metering varies significantly worldwide. Recent studies have estimated that water supplies are metered in less than 30% of UK households,^[7] and about 61% of urban Canadian homes (as of 2001).^[8] Although individual water meters have often been considered impractical in homes with private wells or in multifamily buildings, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimates that metering alone can reduce consumption by 20 to 40 percent.^[9] In addition to raising consumer awareness of their water use, metering is also an important way to identify and localize water leakage. Water metering would benefit society in the long run it is proven that water metering increases the efficiency of the entire water system, as well as help unnecessary expenses for individuals for years to come. One would be unable to waste water unless they are willing to pay the extra charges, this way the water department would be able to monitor water usage by public, domestic and manufacturing services.

Some researchers have suggested that water conservation efforts should be primarily directed at farmers, in light of the fact that crop irrigation accounts for 70% of the world's fresh water use.^[10] The agricultural sector of most countries is important both economically and politically, and water subsidies are common. Conservation advocates have urged removal of all subsidies to force farmers to grow more water-efficient crops and adopt less wasteful irrigation techniques.

New technology poses a few new options for consumers, features such and full flush and half flush when using a toilet are trying to make a difference in water consumption and waste. Also available in our modern world is shower heads that help reduce wasting water, old shower heads are said to use 5-10 gallons per minute. All new fixtures available are said to use 2.5 gallons per minute and offer equal water coverage.

Water conservation tips

1. Check faucets and pipes for leaksA small drip from a worn faucet washer can waste 20 gallons of water per day. Larger leaks can waste hundreds of gallons..

2. Don't use the toilet as an ashtray or wastebasketEvery time you flush a cigarette butt, facial tissue or other small bit of trash, five to seven gallons of water is wasted.3. Check your toilets for leaks
Put a little food coloring in your toilet tank. If, without flushing, the color begins to appear in the bowl within 30 minutes, you have a leak that should be repaired immediately. Most replacement parts are inexpensive and easy to install.Put a little food coloring in your toilet tank. If, without flushing, the color begins to appear in the bowl within 30 minutes, you have a leak that should be repaired immediately. Most replacement parts are inexpensive and easy to install.Put a little food coloring in your toilet tank. If, without flushing, the color begins to appear in the bowl within 30 minutes, you have a leak that should be repaired immediately. Most replacement parts are inexpensive and easy to install.

4. Use your water meter to check for hidden water leaksRead the house water meter before and after a two-hour period when no water is being used. If the meter does not read exactly the same, there is a leak.

5. Install water-saving shower heads and low-flow faucet aerators 
Inexpensive Inexpensive Inexpensive water-saving low-flow shower heads or restrictors are easy for the homeowner to install. Also, long, hot showers can use five to ten gallons every unneeded minute. Limit your showers to the time it takes to soap up, wash down and rinse off. "Low-flow" means it uses less than 2.5 gallons per minute.
You can easily install a ShowerStart showerhead, or add a ShowerStart converter to existing showerheads, which automatically pauses a running shower once it gets warm.
Also, all household faucets should be fit with aeratorsYou can easily install a ShowerStart showerhead, or add a ShowerStart converter to existing showerheads, which automatically pauses a running shower once it gets warm.
Also, all household faucets should be fit with Also, all household faucets should be fit with aeratorsYou can easily install a ShowerStart showerhead, or add a ShowerStart converter to existing showerheads, which automatically pauses a running shower once it gets warm.
Also, all household faucets should be fit with Also, all household faucets should be fit with Also, all household faucets should be fit with aerators. This single best home water conservation method is also the cheapest!

6. Put plastic bottles or float booster in your toilet tankTo cut down on water waste, put an inch or two of sand or pebbles inside each of two plastic bottles to weigh them down. Fill the bottles with water, screw the lids on, and put them in your toilet tank, safely away from the operating mechanisms. Or, buy an inexpensive tank bank or float booster. This may save ten or more gallons of water per day.

Be sure at least 3 gallons of water remain in the tank so it will flush properly. If there is not enough water to get a proper flush, users will hold the lever down too long or do multiple flushes to get rid of waste. Two flushings at 1.4 gallons is worse than a single 2.0 gallon flush. A better suggestion would be to buy an adjustable toilet flapperthat allow for adjustment of their per flush use.  Then the user can adjust the flush rate to the minimum per flush setting that achieves a single good flush each time.

For new installations, consider buying "low flush" toilets, which use 1 to 2 gallons per flush instead of the usual 3 to 5 gallons.

Replacing an 18 liter per flush toilet with an ultra-low volume (ULV) 6 liter flush model represents a 70% savings in water flushed and will cut indoor water use by about 30%.
Be sure at least 3 gallons of water remain in the tank so it will flush properly. If there is not enough water to get a proper flush, users will hold the lever down too long or do multiple flushes to get rid of waste. Two flushings at 1.4 gallons is worse than a single 2.0 gallon flush. A better suggestion would be to buy an adjustable toilet flapperthat allow for adjustment of their per flush use.  Then the user can adjust the flush rate to the minimum per flush setting that achieves a single good flush each time.

For new installations, consider buying "low flush" toilets, which use 1 to 2 gallons per flush instead of the usual 3 to 5 gallons.

Replacing an 18 liter per flush toilet with an ultra-low volume (ULV) 6 liter flush model represents a 70% savings in water flushed and will cut indoor water use by about 30%.
For new installations, consider buying "low flush" toilets, which use 1 to 2 gallons per flush instead of the usual 3 to 5 gallons.
Replacing an 18 liter per flush toilet with an ultra-low volume (ULV) 6 liter flush model represents a 70% savings in water flushed and will cut indoor water use by about 30%.Be sure at least 3 gallons of water remain in the tank so it will flush properly. If there is not enough water to get a proper flush, users will hold the lever down too long or do multiple flushes to get rid of waste. Two flushings at 1.4 gallons is worse than a single 2.0 gallon flush. A better suggestion would be to buy an adjustable toilet flapperthat allow for adjustment of their per flush use.  Then the user can adjust the flush rate to the minimum per flush setting that achieves a single good flush each time.

For new installations, consider buying "low flush" toilets, which use 1 to 2 gallons per flush instead of the usual 3 to 5 gallons.

Replacing an 18 liter per flush toilet with an ultra-low volume (ULV) 6 liter flush model represents a 70% savings in water flushed and will cut indoor water use by about 30%.
For new installations, consider buying "low flush" toilets, which use 1 to 2 gallons per flush instead of the usual 3 to 5 gallons.
Replacing an 18 liter per flush toilet with an ultra-low volume (ULV) 6 liter flush model represents a 70% savings in water flushed and will cut indoor water use by about 30%.For new installations, consider buying "low flush" toilets, which use 1 to 2 gallons per flush instead of the usual 3 to 5 gallons.Replacing an 18 liter per flush toilet with an ultra-low volume (ULV) 6 liter flush model represents a 70% savings in water flushed and will cut indoor water use by about 30%.

7. Insulate your water pipes.It's easy and inexpensive to insulate your water pipes with pre-slit foam pipe insulation. You'll get hot water faster plus avoid wasting water while it heats up.

8. Take shorter showers.
One way to cut down on water use is to turn off the shower after soaping up, then turn it back on to rinse. A four-minute shower uses approximately 20 to 40 gallons of water.

9. Turn off the water after you wet your toothbrushThere is no need to keep the water running while brushing your teeth. Just wet your brush and fill a glass for mouth rinsing.

10. Rinse your razor in the sink
Fill the sink with a few inches of warm water. This will rinse your razor just as well as running water, with far less waste of water.

11. Use your dishwasher and clothes washer for only full loadsAutomatic dishwashers and clothes washers should be fully loaded for optimum water conservation. Most makers of dishwashing soap recomend not pre-rinsing dishes which is a big water savings.With clothes washers, avoid the permanent press cycle, which uses an added 20 liters (5 gallons) for the extra rinse. For partial loads, adjust water levels to match the size of the load. Replace old clothes washers. New Energy Star rated washers use 35 - 50% less water and 50% less energy per load. If you're in the market for a new clothes washer, consider buying a water-saving frontload washer. 

12. Minimize use of kitchen sink garbage disposal unitsIn-sink 'garburators' require lots of water to operate properly, and also add considerably to the volume of solids in a septic tank which can lead to maintenance problems. Start a compost pile as an alternate method of disposing food waste. 

13. When washing dishes by hand, don't leave the water running for rinsingIf your have a double-basin, fill one with soapy water and one with rinse water. If you have a single-basin sink, gather washed dishes in a dish rack and rinse them with a spray device or a panful of hot water. Dual-swivel aerators are available to make this easier. If using a dishwasher, there is usually no need to pre-rinse the dishes.

14. Don't let the faucet run while you clean vegetables
Just rinse them in a stoppered sink or a pan of clean water. Use a dual-setting aerator.

15. Keep a bottle of drinking water in the fridge.
Running tap water to cool it off for drinking water is wasteful. Store drinking water in the fridge in a safe drinking bottle. If you are filling water bottles to bring along on outdoor hikes, consider buying a LifeStraw personal water filter which enables users to drink water safely from rivers or lakes or any available body of water.